Orchestrate pgvector operations with Apache Airflow

Pgvector is an open source extension for PostgreSQL databases that adds the possibility to store and query high-dimensional object embeddings. The pgvector Airflow provider offers modules to easily integrate pgvector with Airflow.

In this tutorial, you use Airflow to orchestrate the embedding of book descriptions with the OpenAI API, ingest the embeddings into a PostgreSQL database with pgvector installed, and query the database for books that match a user-provided mood.

Why use Airflow with pgvector?

Pgvector allows you to store objects alongside their vector embeddings and to query these objects based on their similarity. Vector embeddings are key components of many modern machine learning models such as LLMs or ResNet.

Integrating PostgreSQL with pgvector and Airflow into one end-to-end machine learning pipeline allows you to:

• Use Airflow’s data-driven scheduling to run operations involving vectors stored in PostgreSQL based on upstream events in your data ecosystem, such as when a new model is trained or a new dataset is available.
• Run dynamic queries based on upstream events in your data ecosystem or user input via Airflow params on vectors stored in PostgreSQL to retrieve similar objects.
• Add Airflow features like retries and alerts to your pgvector operations.
• Check your vector database for the existence of a unique key before running potentially costly embedding operations on your data.

Time to complete

This tutorial takes approximately 30 minutes to complete (reading your suggested book not included).

Assumed knowledge

To get the most out of this tutorial, make sure you have an understanding of:

• The basics of pgvector. See the README of the pgvector repository.
• Basic SQL. See SQL Tutorial.
• Vector embeddings. See Vector Embeddings.
• Airflow fundamentals, such as writing DAGs and defining tasks. See Get started with Apache Airflow.
• Airflow decorators. Introduction to the TaskFlow API and Airflow decorators.
• Airflow connections. See Managing your Connections in Apache Airflow.

Prerequisites

• The Astro CLI.
• An OpenAI API key of at least tier 1 if you want to use OpenAI for vectorization. If you do not want to use OpenAI, you can adapt the create_embeddings function at the start of the DAG to use a different vectorizer.

This tutorial uses a local PostgreSQL database created as a Docker container. The image comes with pgvector preinstalled.

Info

The example code from this tutorial is also available on GitHub.

Step 1: Configure your Astro project

1. Create a new Astro project:

   1
   $ mkdir astro-pgvector-tutorial && cd astro-pgvector-tutorial
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   $ astro dev init

2. Add the following two packages to your requirements.txt file to install the pgvector Airflow provider and the OpenAI Python client in your Astro project:

   apache-airflow-providers-pgvector==1.0.0
   openai==1.3.2

3. This tutorial uses a local PostgreSQL database running in a Docker container. To add a second PostgreSQL container to your Astro project, create a new file in your project’s root directory called docker-compose.override.yml and add the following. The ankane/pgvector image builds a PostgreSQL database with pgvector preinstalled.

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   services:
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     postgres_pgvector:
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       image: ankane/pgvector
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       volumes:
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         - ${PWD}/include/postgres:/var/lib/postgresql/data
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         - ${PWD}/include:/include
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       networks:
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         - airflow
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       ports:
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         - 5433:5432
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       environment:
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         - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
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         - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres
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   # Airflow containers
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     scheduler:
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       networks:
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         - airflow
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     api-server:
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       networks:
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         - airflow
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     triggerer:
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       networks:
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         - airflow
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     postgres:
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       networks:
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         - airflow

4. To create an Airflow connection to the PostgreSQL database, add the following to your .env file. If you are using the OpenAI API for embeddings you will need to update the OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable.

   AIRFLOW_CONN_POSTGRES_DEFAULT='{
       "conn_type": "postgres",
       "login": "postgres",
       "password": "postgres",
       "host": "host.docker.internal",
       "port": 5433,
       "schema": "postgres"
   }'
   OPENAI_API_KEY="<your-openai-api-key>"

Step 2: Add your data

The DAG in this tutorial runs a query on vectorized book descriptions from Goodreads, but you can adjust the DAG to use any data you want.

1. Create a new file called book_data.txt in the include directory.

2. Copy the book description from the book_data.txt file in Astronomer’s GitHub for a list of great books.

Tip

If you want to add your own books make sure the data is in the following format:

<index integer> ::: <title> (<year of publication>) ::: <author> ::: <description>

One book corresponds to one line in the file.

Step 3: Create your DAG

1. In your dags folder, create a file called query_book_vectors.py.

2. Copy the following code into the file. If you want to use a vectorizer other than OpenAI, make sure to adjust both the create_embeddings function at the start of the DAG and provide the correct MODEL_VECTOR_LENGTH.

   1
   """
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   ## Vectorize book descriptions with OpenAI and store them in Postgres with pgvector
   3
   4
   This DAG shows how to use the OpenAI API 1.0+ to vectorize book descriptions and 
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   store them in Postgres with the pgvector extension.
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   It will also help you pick your next book to read based on a mood you describe.
   7
   8
   You will need to set the following environment variables:
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   - `AIRFLOW_CONN_POSTGRES_DEFAULT`: an Airflow connection to your Postgres database
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       that has pgvector installed
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   - `OPENAI_API_KEY`: your OpenAI API key
   12
   """
   13
   14
   from airflow.sdk import dag, task
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   from airflow.models.baseoperator import chain
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   from airflow.models.param import Param
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   from airflow.providers.pgvector.operators.pgvector import PgVectorIngestOperator
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   from airflow.providers.postgres.operators.postgres import PostgresOperator
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   from airflow.exceptions import AirflowSkipException
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   from pendulum import datetime
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   from openai import OpenAI
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   import uuid
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   import re
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   import os
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   26
   POSTGRES_CONN_ID = "postgres_default"
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   TEXT_FILE_PATH = "include/book_data.txt"
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   TABLE_NAME = "Book"
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   OPENAI_MODEL = "text-embedding-ada-002"
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   MODEL_VECTOR_LENGTH = 1536
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   32
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   def create_embeddings(text: str, model: str):
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       """Create embeddings for a text with the OpenAI API."""
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       client = OpenAI(api_key=os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"])
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       response = client.embeddings.create(input=text, model=model)
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       embeddings = response.data[0].embedding
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       return embeddings
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   41
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   @dag(
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       start_date=datetime(2025, 8, 1),
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       schedule=None,
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       tags=["pgvector"],
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       params={
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           "book_mood": Param(
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               "A philosophical book about consciousness.",
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               type="string",
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               description="Describe the kind of book you want to read.",
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           ),
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       },
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   )
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   def query_book_vectors():
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       enable_vector_extension_if_not_exists = PostgresOperator(
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           task_id="enable_vector_extension_if_not_exists",
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           postgres_conn_id=POSTGRES_CONN_ID,
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           sql="CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;",
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       )
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       create_table_if_not_exists = PostgresOperator(
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           task_id="create_table_if_not_exists",
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           postgres_conn_id=POSTGRES_CONN_ID,
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           sql=f"""
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           CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {TABLE_NAME} (          
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               book_id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
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               title TEXT,
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               year INTEGER,
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               author TEXT,
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               description TEXT,
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               vector VECTOR(%(vector_length)s)
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           );
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           """,
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           parameters={"vector_length": MODEL_VECTOR_LENGTH},
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       )
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       get_already_imported_book_ids = PostgresOperator(
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           task_id="get_already_imported_book_ids",
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           postgres_conn_id=POSTGRES_CONN_ID,
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           sql=f"""
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           SELECT book_id
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           FROM {TABLE_NAME};
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           """,
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       )
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       @task
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       def import_book_data(text_file_path: str, table_name: str) -> list:
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           "Read the text file and create a list of dicts from the book information."
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           with open(text_file_path, "r") as f:
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               lines = f.readlines()
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               num_skipped_lines = 0
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               list_of_params = []
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               for line in lines:
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                   parts = line.split(":::")
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                   title_year = parts[1].strip()
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                   match = re.match(r"(.+) \((\d{4})\)", title_year)
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                   try:
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                       title, year = match.groups()
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                       year = int(year)
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                   # skip malformed lines
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                   except:
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                       num_skipped_lines += 1
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                       continue
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                   author = parts[2].strip()
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                   description = parts[3].strip()
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                   list_of_params.append(
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                       {
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                           "book_id": str(
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                               uuid.uuid5(
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                                   name=" ".join([title, str(year), author, description]),
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                                   namespace=uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS,
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                               )
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                           ),
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                           "title": title,
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                           "year": year,
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                           "author": author,
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                           "description": description,
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                       }
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                   )
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               print(
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                   f"Created a list with {len(list_of_params)} elements "
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                   " while skipping {num_skipped_lines} lines."
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               )
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               return list_of_params
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       @task
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       def create_embeddings_book_data(
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           book_data: dict, model: str, already_imported_books: list
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       ) -> dict:
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           "Create embeddings for a book description and add them to the book data."
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           already_imported_books_ids = [x[0] for x in already_imported_books]
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           if book_data["book_id"] in already_imported_books_ids:
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               raise AirflowSkipException("Book already imported.")
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           embeddings = create_embeddings(text=book_data["description"], model=model)
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           book_data["vector"] = embeddings
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           return book_data
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       @task
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       def create_embeddings_query(model: str, **context) -> list:
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           "Create embeddings for the user provided book mood."
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           query = context["params"]["book_mood"]
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           embeddings = create_embeddings(text=query, model=model)
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           return embeddings
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       book_data = import_book_data(text_file_path=TEXT_FILE_PATH, table_name=TABLE_NAME)
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       book_embeddings = create_embeddings_book_data.partial(
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           model=OPENAI_MODEL,
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           already_imported_books=get_already_imported_book_ids.output,
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       ).expand(book_data=book_data)
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       query_vector = create_embeddings_query(model=OPENAI_MODEL)
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       import_embeddings_to_pgvector = PgVectorIngestOperator.partial(
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           task_id="import_embeddings_to_pgvector",
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           trigger_rule="none_failed",
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           conn_id=POSTGRES_CONN_ID,
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           sql=(
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               f"INSERT INTO {TABLE_NAME} "
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               "(book_id, title, year, author, description, vector) "
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               "VALUES (%(book_id)s, %(title)s, %(year)s, "
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               "%(author)s, %(description)s, %(vector)s) "
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               "ON CONFLICT (book_id) DO NOTHING;"
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           ),
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       ).expand(parameters=book_embeddings)
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       get_a_book_suggestion = PostgresOperator(
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           task_id="get_a_book_suggestion",
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           postgres_conn_id=POSTGRES_CONN_ID,
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           trigger_rule="none_failed",
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           sql=f"""
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               SELECT title, year, author, description
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               FROM {TABLE_NAME}
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               ORDER BY vector <-> CAST(%(query_vector)s AS VECTOR)
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               LIMIT 1;
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           """,
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           parameters={"query_vector": query_vector},
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       )
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       @task
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       def print_suggestion(query_result, **context):
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           "Print the book suggestion."
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           query = context["params"]["book_mood"]
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           book_title = query_result[0][0]
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           book_year = query_result[0][1]
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           book_author = query_result[0][2]
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           book_description = query_result[0][3]
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           print(f"Book suggestion for '{query}':")
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           print(
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               f"You should read {book_title} by {book_author}, published in {book_year}!"
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           )
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           print(f"Goodreads describes the book as: {book_description}")
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       chain(
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           enable_vector_extension_if_not_exists,
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           create_table_if_not_exists,
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           get_already_imported_book_ids,
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           import_embeddings_to_pgvector,
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           get_a_book_suggestion,
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           print_suggestion(query_result=get_a_book_suggestion.output),
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       )
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       chain(query_vector, get_a_book_suggestion)
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       chain(get_already_imported_book_ids, book_embeddings)
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   208
   209
   query_book_vectors()

   This DAG consists of nine tasks to make a simple ML orchestration pipeline.

   • The enable_vector_extension_if_not_exists task uses a PostgresOperator to enable the pgvector extension in the PostgreSQL database.
   • The create_table_if_not_exists task creates the Book table in PostgreSQL. Note the VECTOR() datatype used for the vector column. This datatype is added to PostgreSQL by the pgvector extension and needs to be defined with the vector length of the vectorizer you use as an argument. This example uses the OpenAI’s text-embedding-ada-002 to create 1536-dimensional vectors, so we define the columns with the type VECTOR(1536) using parameterized SQL.
   • The get_already_imported_book_ids task queries the Book table to return all book_id values of books that were already stored with their vectors in previous DAG runs.
   • The import_book_data task uses the @task decorator to read the book data from the book_data.txt file and return it as a list of dictionaries with keys corresponding to the columns of the Book table.
   • The create_embeddings_book_data task is dynamically mapped over the list of dictionaries returned by the import_book_data task to parallelize vector embedding of all book descriptions that have not been added to the Book table in previous DAG runs. The create_embeddings function defines how the embeddings are computed and can be modified to use other embedding models. If all books in the list have already been added to the Book table, then all mapped task instances are skipped.
   • The create_embeddings_query task applies the same create_embeddings function to the desired book mood the user provided via Airflow params.
   • The import_embeddings_to_pgvector task uses the PgVectorIngestOperator to insert the book data including the embedding vectors into the PostgreSQL database. This task is dynamically mapped to import the embeddings from one book at a time. The dynamically mapped task instances of books that have already been imported in previous DAG runs are skipped.
   • The get_a_book_suggestion task queries the PostgreSQL database for the book that is most similar to the user-provided mood using nearest neighbor search. Note how the vector of the user-provided book mood (query_vector) is cast to the VECTOR datatype before similarity search: ORDER BY vector <-> CAST(%(query_vector)s AS VECTOR).
   • The print_book_suggestion task prints the book suggestion to the task logs.

   

Tip

For information on more advanced search techniques in pgvector, see the pgvector README.

Step 4: Run your DAG

1. Run astro dev start in your Astro project to start Airflow and open the Airflow UI at localhost:8080.

2. In the Airflow UI, run the query_book_vectors DAG by clicking the play button. Then, provide the Airflow param for the desired book_mood.

   

3. View your book suggestion in the task logs of the print_book_suggestion task:

   [2025-08-27, 09:45:54] INFO - Book suggestion for 'A philosophical book about consciousness.':: chan="stdout": source="task"
   [2025-08-27, 09:45:54] INFO - You should read The Idea of the World by Bernardo Kastrup, published in 2019!: chan="stdout": source="task"
   [2025-08-27, 09:45:54] INFO - Goodreads describes the book as: A rigorous case for the primacy of mind in nature, from philosophy to neuroscience, psychology and physics. The Idea of the World offers a grounded alternative to the frenzy of unrestrained abstractions and unexamined assumptions in philosophy and science today. [...]

Step 5: (Optional) Fetch and read the book

1. Go to the website of your local library and search for the book. If it is available, order it and wait for it to arrive. You will likely need a library card to check out the book.
2. Make sure to prepare an adequate amount of tea for your reading session. Astronomer recommends Earl Grey, but you can use any tea you like.
3. Enjoy your book!

Conclusion

Congratulations! You used Airflow and pgvector to get a book suggestion! You can now use Airflow to orchestrate pgvector operations in your own machine learning pipelines. Additionally, you remembered the satisfaction and joy of spending hours reading a good book and supported your local library.